The sport of volleyball originated in the United States, and is now just beginning to achieve the type of popularity in the U. In , William G. He created the game of Volleyball at that time called mintonette.
Per Morgan, the game was fit for the gymnasium or exercise hall but, could also be played outdoor. The play consisted of any number of players keeping a ball in motion from one side to the other over a net raised 6 feet 6 inches above the floor. The opponents then, without letting the ball strike the floor, return it, and it is in this way kept going back and forth until one side fails to return the ball or the ball hits the floor. The side serving the ball earns points when the opposite side either fails to return the ball or allows the ball to hit the floor.
After reaching Japan and Asia through the YMCA network by , a specially designed ball came to be by , and over the next 20 years, rules were set into place. By , the rules mandating three hits per side and back-row attacks were instituted. Japan, Russia and the United States each started national volleyball associations during the s. And when U. Shortly after, France recognized the sport nationally as well. The Russians would dominate the sport until the mids with some challenge from Japan during the stint.
With beach volleyball stealing some of the spotlight away from indoor, certain traditions were dropped for the Sydney Games. Replacing the previous system where only the serving team could earn one, a point will be at stake for every rally.
Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. Worldwide, there are over million people who play volleyball at least once a week. In addition, priority efforts beyond that were to develop the national teams and international competition program. Following two years of discussion and negotiations, and the finalization of appropriate legislation, the AAU approved volleyball as a Junior Olympic sport. John Eaton of Virginia Beach, V. Using the rules of volleyball as approved by the USVBA, Eaton modified the rules so that they would be more compatible to the age group program.
These rules still serve as the basic foundation of junior volleyball in the United States today. Volleyball had to strike out on its own for qualifying national tournament sites. Although the bulk of the teams were from East of the Mississippi River, the tournament was qualified a success due to the number of teams entered; the enthusiasm it generated; and the interest that was stimulated.
In this tournament, athletes not teams took part, as age group teams from Chicago and such places as York and Haverford, PA. The next logical approach was the implementation of developmental programs in the 57 local AAU associations.
Although some developed programs, most notably Chicago, Louisiana and eastern Pennsylvania, other local associations did not. As a result, AAU Junior Olympic Volleyball efforts were, for the most part, limited to the national tournament In some local AAU associations, volleyball was not even a recognized committee, Junior Olympic or otherwise.
Since the AAU had fulfilled only a portion of its earlier commitments, administrative efforts were directed toward grass roots development. This event had realized great success and was now situated in its permanent site of Lisle, Illinois.
The event was modeled after the actual Olympic games, complete with a parade of states and opening ceremonies. Shortly after a comprehensive concept, as well as a full-fledged grass roots action plan for Junior Olympic Volleyball development, was developed. It was created to serve as a major building block for the scholastic, collegiate, recreation and club play throughout the country and was designed to be the future of volleyball in the United States.
In , the USVBA Board of Directors pledged its priority to the development of this program and reinforced their statement with staff efforts. It is comprised of special interest representatives, but more importantly, with persons who are highly regarded and respected as leaders in the development of junior volleyball in the USA. They come from the scholastic, collegiate and club ranks and have an in-depth background in volleyball.
Junior Olympic Volleyball is now a viable force within the volleyball community. It is fully expected to establish volleyball as a primary recreation sport and an important collegiate and scholastic activity, and equally important, establish United States as a major force in international competition in the future.
Northern California has had a long history of volleyball activity. The following year, Tom was appointed as the first commissioner regional representative of the newly- formed Region 12 encompassing Northern California, Nevada, and Utah. The exact dates are somewhat hazy in the Region record. In the Region Executive Committee was formed to help Al with the ever-increasing tasks of running a fast-growing region. Gary Colberg, the present Commissioner, succeeded Lon in The rules of volleyball have changed many times since William Morgan first developed the game in with an original purpose of providing some form of recreation and relaxation for businessmen at the Holyoke, MA Y.
The first rules, written by Mr. Morgan in long hand, contained the following basic features: The net was 6 feet, 6 inches high. The court was 25 X 50 feet Any number of participants was allowed. The length of the game was nine innings, with three outs allowed per team per inning.
Continuous air dribbling of the ball was permissible up to a restraining line 4 feet from the net. No limit on the number of hits on each side of the court. A served ball could be assisted across the net.
A second serve as in tennis was permitted if the first resulted in a fault. Any ball hitting the net, except on the first service, was a fault and resulted in side out. From to the present, Volleyball became big business. Each Association rulebook needs to be studied. Day are accepted and published by the YMCA. Match length is set at 21 points. The height of the net is increased to 7-feet A special ball was designed for the sport.
Up until , play is between man teams and goes to 21 points. The Philippines, too, got to know the new game. A uniform size and weight of the ball is established, calling for a circumference of 26 inches and a weight of between 7 and 9 ounces. Two other important innovations: the number of players on each team is set at six and it is decided to rotate players before service.
Teams are made up of 16 players. Official game time is introduced and it is decided that the team losing a game has the right to begin serving in the next game In Europe, Volleyball arrives on the French beaches of Normandy and Brittany with American soldiers fighting in the First World War.
Its popularity grows rapidly, but the game takes root especially in Eastern countries, where the cold climate makes gym sports particularly attractive The opening days of World War I brings Volleyball to Africa. The first country to learn the rules is Egypt. Net height rises to 8 feet, while ball weight climbs from 8 to 10 ounces.
It is decided that holding on to the ball is a foul and that a player cannot have contact with the ball a second time until after it has been played by another athlete Volleyball becomes a part of the program of the NCAA, the body that oversees college and university sports in the USA The National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA was invited by the YMCA to aid in editing the rules and in promoting the sport. Volleyball was added to school and college physical education and intramural programs.
In Japan, the first High School Championship is played. This provided a stimulus for the growth of volleyball in foreign lands During the First World War, Dr. George J. Fisher, as Secretary of the YMCA War Work Office, makes Volleyball a part of the programme in military training camps, both in the USA and abroad, in the athletic handbooks written for those responsible for sport and recreation in the Army and Marines.
Thousands of balls and nets are sent overseas to the U. More than 16, volleyballs are distributed in to the American Expeditionary Corps Forces only. The Inter-Allied Games are organized in Paris but Volleyball is not included since the game is not yet known sufficiently well known in the 18 participating Allied countries to allow for a balanced competition In China, the rules are modified. Play becomes 12 against 12, with matches going to 15 points. A major innovation involves the rule allowing a team to play a ball no more than three times before sending it over the net The Philippines develop the first kind of spike.
Players in the back line are not permitted to spike. Scoring rules are also changed, providing that, with the score at , two consecutive points are needed to win The maximum number of consecutive ball contacts per team is set at three. The first National Federation is founded in Czechoslovakia, quickly followed by Bulgaria. The team securing the right to serve has to rotate clockwise.
The serve is to be made by the player placed on the right on the back line. There is also a change in the scoring rules for the most hotly contested sets: at to win it is no longer necessary to score two consecutive points, but rather to have a two-point advantage. Once again the ball weight is modified, from 9 to 10 ounces Volleyball is played for the first time in the Netherlands.
After a stay at the Seminary of Techny in Illinois, U. Buis introduces the sport to the Sint Willibrod mission house in Uden and has a few courts set up there. Between the two World Wars, great efforts are made to give unity to the Volleyball movement by establishing a single set of rules and creating an international federation. These are just initial efforts, with nothing concrete being set s Recreational sports programs became an important part of American life.
To make a play, an athlete can step off his own court; but he cannot change position in the starting line-up. For Soviet Volleyball, it is the year of enshrinement.
Volleyball for Women by Katherine M. Montgomery is also very useful for teaching the game. Touching the net is to be considered a foul. The Czechs are the first soon followed by the Russians to attribute decisive importance to the new skill, which facilitates the ungrateful task of volleying defences. The Annual USVBA Reference Guide and the Official Rules of the Game of Volleyball gave useful information on the game and provided a forum where experiences and ideas emanating from different sources could be exchanged.
During the War, thousands of these guides were used throughout the world. Morgan, the creator of Volleyball, dies at the age of A man of high moral standards, Morgan suffered no pangs of jealousy and continued to follow with enthusiasm the progress of his game, convinced that real Volleyball, for real athletes, would be a success s Forearm pass introduced to the game as a desperation play.
Most balls played with overhand pass. Two minute sets are played with supplementary time in case of a tie. But after various and prolonged trials, the experiments are abandoned, but taken up again in the United States at the close of the Second World War.
Another innovation is time-limit Volleyball, whereby a game lasts eight minutes of actual play. To win, a team has to have either a two-point advantage at the end of the eight minutes or be the first to score 15 points. But even there, the idea finds little acceptance. Volleyball is recommended by Chiefs of Staff for training the troops, believing it keeps them in condition, strengthens their morale, and teaches them how to stay together as a group — something essential at this point of the War.
Fisher, its President. Through international YMCA contacts in more than 80 countries and also military personnel around the world, communications are established and begin to produce information on the interpretation and development of Volleyball and those who are managing it.
Correspondence with the Polish managers during the War draws attention to the post-war endeavours to establish an international Volleyball organization. On the occasion of a friendly match between the Czech and French national teams on August 26, a meeting is held in Prague between representatives of the federations of Czechoslovakia, France, and Poland.
The meeting produces the first official document of the future FIVB, with the creation of a commission for the organization of the International Federation, the promotion of a constituent congress, and the decision to launch a European or World Championship at an early date. The court is to measure 9 x 18 metres; and net height is to be 2. After the War, the rules are rewritten and clarified to make interpretation easier. In particular, a better definition is given to the idea of blocking, and service is limited to the right third of the back court boundary.
It is also made clear that each player has to be in his right place during service; points scored by the wrong server are to be nullified; simultaneous contacts by two players are to be considered one; time-outs are to last one minute, while time-out due to injury can last five minutes; and rest time between one game and another is set at three minutes. This is also the first time a setter can penetrate from the back line, leading to a three-player attack.
USVBA added a collegiate division, for competitive college teams. For the first ten years, collegiate competition was sparse. Teams formed only through the efforts of interested students and instructors.
Many teams dissolved when the interested individuals left the college. Competitive teams were scattered, with no collegiate governing bodies providing leadership in the sport. Then came Beijing. The Games saw a renaissance for the U. That U. Russia rounded out the podium with another bronze. The Bejing beach, meanwhile, produced fiery action that few will soon forget.
Bringing us within a decade of the present day, the London Games saw the renaissance of the Russian and Japanese indoor teams that were so dominant in the first two decades of Olympic volleyball. Brazil nabbed silver and Italy overcame Bulgaria to secure a bronze. Out on the beach, the women fared better. Kerri Walsh and Misty May-Treanor competed in what would be their last outing together, winning their third consecutive Olympic gold medal in an All-American final match against April Ross and Jennifer Kessy , who linked up in To bring us up to date, the most recent Summer Olympics took place in Rio de Janeiro in In the U.
S, there are countless examples. From the looks of their performance on the global and AVP stage, they have a good shot. USSR ultimately prevailed, pushing the Czechs into second place. Japan, after a surprising defeat to Hungary in the second round, had to be content with bronze. In the women's event, the Soviets' physical prowess and inventiveness made sure they were able to turn the tables on the Japanese to finish first as the Asian side settled for silver. Montreal Coach Hubert Wagner led the Polish Men to Olympic gold at the Games in Montreal, beating the Soviets to gold without losing a single match while Cuba burst onto the international stage with a well-deserved bronze.
In the women's event, the Soviet-Japanese seesaw at the top lost no momentum with the Asian nation coming out on top on this occasion. South Korea, led by Jo Heajung, clinched bronze meanwhile.
Silver went to East Germany and bronze to Bulgaria. Much was expected of the Cubans but they disappointed. On the men's side, the boycott didn't mean as much upheaval with as the USSR prevailed over Bulgaria while Romania took bronze. Los Angeles The political withdrawal of the Eastern countries from the Los Angeles Games did not significantly damage the women's tournament as the event saw a fascinating dual between debutantes China and hosts USA.
The new side lost to the U. In the men's tournament, USSR, Cuba, Poland and Bulgaria were missing for political reasons as the hosts went on to win the tournament, beating Brazil as Italy came third. Argentina pulled off a surprise third-place finish, beating a Brazil team full of veterans.
In the women's event, USSR started off by stumbling against Japan but came back in style, coming from behind in a spectacular final against Peru. China's third place marked the end of a fantastic winning streak in international competition that had began in Barcelona Brazil's men claimed their first Olympic gold in Barcelona in , losing only three sets in eight matches as they saw off the Netherlands in the final.
Outgoing champions USA lost in the semi-finals but bounced back to claim bronze. On the women's side, Cuba claimed gold, the Caribbean team finishing unbeaten with their most difficult match coming in the semifinals against USA where they came back from down.
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