Please refer to authors using their initials. Note this section should not be used to describe any competing interests. Footnotes can be used to give additional information, which may include the citation of a reference included in the reference list.
They should not consist solely of a reference citation, and they should never include the bibliographic details of a reference.
They should also not contain any figures or tables. Footnotes to the text are numbered consecutively; those to tables should be indicated by superscript lower-case letters or asterisks for significance values and other statistical data. Footnotes to the title or the authors of the article are not given reference symbols.
See our editorial policies for author guidance on good citation practice. Web links and URLs: All web links and URLs, including links to the authors' own websites, should be given a reference number and included in the reference list rather than within the text of the manuscript.
They should be provided in full, including both the title of the site and the URL, as well as the date the site was accessed, in the following format: The Mouse Tumor Biology Database.
Accessed 20 May If an author or group of authors can clearly be associated with a web link, such as for weblogs, then they should be included in the reference. Meat consumption and mortality - results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. BMC Medicine. Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. Dig J Mol Med. Functional asplenia: demonstration of splenic activity by bone marrow scan. Blood ;59 Suppl Cell death: the significance of apoptosis.
International review of cytology. London: Academic; Saito Y, Hyuga H. Rate equation approaches to amplification of enantiomeric excess and chiral symmetry breaking. Top Curr Chem. Blenkinsopp A, Paxton P. Symptoms in the pharmacy: a guide to the management of common illness. Oxford: Blackwell Science; Doe J.
Title of subordinate document. In: The dictionary of substances and their effects. Royal Society of Chemistry. Accessed 15 Jan Healthwise Knowledgebase. US Pharmacopeia, Rockville. Accessed 21 Sept Title of supplementary material. Accessed 22 Feb Doe, J: Title of preprint. Accessed 25 Dec Accessed 12 Nov Genome data from sweet and grain sorghum Sorghum bicolor. GigaScience Database. See General formatting guidelines for information on how to format figures, tables and additional files.
Submit manuscript. Speed 71 days to first decision for reviewed manuscripts only 20 days to first decision for all manuscripts days from submission to acceptance 29 days from acceptance to publication. Citation Impact 7. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Submission Guidelines Aims and scope Fees and funding Language editing services Copyright Preparing your manuscript Commentary Debate Letter to the Editor Methodology Research Short report Study protocol Systematic review Prepare supporting information Conditions of publication Editorial policies Peer-review policy Manuscript transfers Promoting your publication Systematic review Criteria Systematic reviews should be titled in the style "The effectiveness of audit and feedback: a systematic review.
Systematic reviews should be no longer than words. Reporting standards Implementation Science supports the complete and transparent reporting of research. Preparing your manuscript The information below details the section headings that you should include in your manuscript and what information should be within each section. Title page The title page should: present a title that includes, if appropriate, the study design list the full names, institutional addresses and email addresses for all authors if a collaboration group should be listed as an author, please list the Group name as an author.
Methods: how the review was performed, including data sources, study eligibility criteria, participants and interventions; study appraisal and statistical tests used.
Results: the main findings, including results of search and assessment of evidence base. Registration: authors are asked to provide registration information about the systematic review, including a registration number, if available. Keywords Three to ten keywords representing the main content of the article. Background This section should be written in a way that is accessible to researchers without specialist knowledge in that area and must clearly explain why a systematic review on this topic was needed and what it aimed to contribute to the field.
Tables and lists of bibliographies, search terms and databases or other information can be provided as additional files. Potential effect modifiers and reasons for heterogeneity: potential effect modifiers and reasons for heterogeneity should be discussed here and should be identified by discussions with stakeholders and experts as early as possible.
Steps to the Systematic Review Process Define your research question. Be as specific as possible, using operational definitions when appropriate. Based on your question, determine whether a systematic review is the best methodology for your review. See Grant's overview of 14 review types and methodologies. Also consider your available time and capacity. Will your team be able to systematically screen thousands of citations?
Identify prior systematic reviews related to your topic. A librarian can help with this. Identifying prior systematic reviews can help you define the scope of your research question and determine how your review whether your review will add to the literature or merely replicate past work. Assemble your team. Generally, you will want at least two people to screen citations in order to reduce bias, someone with expertise in data synthesis qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods, depending on your plan , and an expert searcher like a Treadwell librarian.
Determine study inclusion and exclusion criteria. Develop a plan of organization for your data. How will you keep track of the citations that you find? Formulate your research protocol. The process of registration is straightforward and their guidance notes will tell you exactly what information to include.
Conduct a thorough literature search. Select databases to search. This should include a discussion of any practical or operational issues involved in performing the study and any issues not covered in other sections. If abbreviations are used in the text they should be defined in the text at first use, and a list of abbreviations should be provided.
Please see below for details on the information to be included in these sections. If any of the sections are not relevant to your manuscript, please include the heading and write 'Not applicable' for that section.
Studies involving animals must include a statement on ethics approval and for experimental studies involving client-owned animals, authors must also include a statement on informed consent from the client or owner. See our editorial policies for more information. All presentations of case reports must have consent for publication. You can use your institutional consent form or our consent form if you prefer.
You should not send the form to us on submission, but we may request to see a copy at any stage including after publication. See our editorial policies for more information on consent for publication. Data availability statements should include information on where data supporting the results reported in the article can be found including, where applicable, hyperlinks to publicly archived datasets analysed or generated during the study.
By data we mean the minimal dataset that would be necessary to interpret, replicate and build upon the findings reported in the article. We recognise it is not always possible to share research data publicly, for instance when individual privacy could be compromised, and in such instances data availability should still be stated in the manuscript along with any conditions for access.
Data availability statements can take one of the following forms or a combination of more than one if required for multiple datasets :. More examples of template data availability statements, which include examples of openly available and restricted access datasets, are available here. BioMed Central also requires that authors cite any publicly available data on which the conclusions of the paper rely in the manuscript.
Data citations should include a persistent identifier such as a DOI and should ideally be included in the reference list. Citations of datasets, when they appear in the reference list, should include the minimum information recommended by DataCite and follow journal style.
For example:. If you wish to co-submit a data note describing your data to be published in BMC Research Notes , you can do so by visiting our submission portal. Data notes support open data and help authors to comply with funder policies on data sharing. Co-published data notes will be linked to the research article the data support example.
See our editorial policies for a full explanation of competing interests. If you are unsure whether you or any of your co-authors have a competing interest please contact the editorial office. If you do not have any competing interests, please state "The authors declare that they have no competing interests" in this section.
All sources of funding for the research reported should be declared. The role of the funding body in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript should be declared. The individual contributions of authors to the manuscript should be specified in this section.
Guidance and criteria for authorship can be found in our editorial policies. Please use initials to refer to each author's contribution in this section, for example: "FC analyzed and interpreted the patient data regarding the hematological disease and the transplant. RH performed the histological examination of the kidney, and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Please acknowledge anyone who contributed towards the article who does not meet the criteria for authorship including anyone who provided professional writing services or materials.
Authors should obtain permission to acknowledge from all those mentioned in the Acknowledgements section. See our editorial policies for a full explanation of acknowledgements and authorship criteria. You can add institution or country information for each author if you wish, but this should be consistent across all authors. Please note that individual names may not be present in the PubMed record at the time a published article is initially included in PubMed as it takes PubMed additional time to code this information.
You may choose to use this section to include any relevant information about the author s that may aid the reader's interpretation of the article, and understand the standpoint of the author s. This may include details about the authors' qualifications, current positions they hold at institutions or societies, or any other relevant background information.
Please refer to authors using their initials. Note this section should not be used to describe any competing interests. Footnotes can be used to give additional information, which may include the citation of a reference included in the reference list. They should not consist solely of a reference citation, and they should never include the bibliographic details of a reference. They should also not contain any figures or tables. Footnotes to the text are numbered consecutively; those to tables should be indicated by superscript lower-case letters or asterisks for significance values and other statistical data.
Footnotes to the title or the authors of the article are not given reference symbols. See our editorial policies for author guidance on good citation practice. Web links and URLs: All web links and URLs, including links to the authors' own websites, should be given a reference number and included in the reference list rather than within the text of the manuscript.
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